苏丹桑贾尔陵墓

Ahmad Sanjar governed Khorasan for the Seljuks from about 1096 and was sultan from 1118 until his death on 8 May 1157^7,8. Under him Merv, his capital, reached what Britannica calls the zenith of its glory, and he walled the suburbs north and south of the medieval city now called Sultan Kala^2,3,8. In 1153 the Oghuz tribes captured him and held him for about two years; he escaped but died without restoring order in Khorasan⁷. His mausoleum was built at the centre of the Seljuk city, not as a free-standing tomb but as part of a large religious complex that included the city’s main mosque, whose courtyard outline can still be traced from the air^1,3.

The builder was Muhammad ibn Atsiz of Sarakhs, whose inscription in the dome had been plastered over and was found only in the 1950s^3,4. Merv was sacked by the Mongols in 1221³. When the Russian scholar V. A. Zhukovsky photographed the mausoleum in 1896, its outer dome had fallen and its galleries were badly damaged; it was the only building standing in the area³. The architect N. M. Bachinskii made the first structural survey during repairs in 1937, and excavation east of the tomb has exposed the foundations of the adjoining mosque³. UNESCO inscribed Ancient Merv on the World Heritage List in 1999, and Türkiye’s aid agency TİKA restored the mausoleum between 2001 and 2004^1,4.

The mausoleum is a square, cube-like block of fired brick; Encyclopaedia Iranica calls it the largest Seljuk domed chamber^3,5. Inside, four large squinches alternating with blind arches turn the square into an octagon, and muqarnas pendentives carry the round base of the dome³. From these pendentives ribs rise and interlace across the dome into an eight-pointed star, with three-lobed panels between them and a small oculus at the top³. Outside, an arcaded gallery runs round the base of the dome, with engaged brick columns and geometric panels between the arches and carved stucco on their soffits; stucco grilles once filled the arches³.

The dome was double, and its outer shell, covered with turquoise tiles, could be seen from far off; it had collapsed before the first photographs were taken³. O’Kane suggests that the stucco of the main arcade is the work of craftsmen who had earlier worked at Ribat-i Sharaf⁵. UNESCO singles out the brickwork, the carved stucco and the surviving wall paintings, and counts the building among the outstanding architectural achievements of the Seljuk period¹. Encyclopaedia Iranica places it in the Iranian line of princely tombs that runs from the Samanid mausoleum in Bukhara to Öljeitü’s at Soltaniyeh and Timur’s in Samarkand⁶.

Visitors enter the square hall through doorways on the east and west; the west arch has been heavily restored, and there may once have been only one entrance³. The squinches and lower walls are plain, in contrast with the ribbed dome and its eight-pointed star^3,5. Traces of the original painting survive: blue and red arabesques on a white ground along the ribs and arches, and panels of inscriptions and floral motifs at the top of the walls³. The cenotaph in the middle of the floor dates only from the early 20th century³.